Linux下自动加载USB驱动 (linux自动加载u驱动)
自动加载USB驱动是Linux系统自动化的一个重要组成部分。在Linux系统中，USB驱动有着非常广泛的应用，包括U盘、键盘、鼠标、摄像头、打印机、存储设备等。本文将介绍如何在Linux下实现自动加载USB驱动。
一、USB驱动工作原理
USB驱动是连接Linux系统和USB设备之间的桥梁，其主要工作是协调USB设备和内核的交互。USB驱动所包含的核心组成部分如下：
（1）USB核心层：主要完成USB设备的枚举、配置和控制等功能。
（2）USB设备驱动：主要负责USB设备的初始化、控制和传输数据等操作。
（3）USB总线驱动：主要负责USB总线的管理和控制。
二、USB驱动加载流程
在Linux系统中，当我们将USB设备插入计算机时，系统会自动检测并加载USB驱动。具体的加载流程如下：
（1）当USB设备插入时，Linux内核会自动在/sys/bus/u/devices目录下创建相应的设备节点。
（2）内核会自动找到与设备对应的USB驱动，并通过调用驱动的probe函数来检测设备是否可用。
（3）如果设备被检测到了，内核会将其驱动模块加载进内存，并将其分配给USB设备。
（4）驱动会调用设备的open函数来打开设备，并从设备中读取和写入数据。
（5）设备被卸载时，驱动会调用设备的close函数来关闭设备，并释放相应的内存资源。
三、USB驱动的自动加载
Linux系统提供了许多机制来自动加载USB驱动：
（1）udev：udev是Linux系统中的一个动态设备管理器，其主要作用是监控系统中的硬件设备的插拔情况，并为其分配唯一的设备节点。通过udev，我们可以自动加载新设备对应的驱动程序，并进行相关的配置。
（2）modprobe：modprobe是一个命令行工具，其主要作用是自动加载指定的驱动程序，并在需要时进行卸载。我们可以使用modprobe命令来实现自动加载USB驱动。
（3）hotplug：hotplug是一个系统服务，其主要作用是在系统中检测和处理热插拔设备。hotplug会自动检测新设备的插入，并为其加载相应的驱动程序。
四、示例实现
我们可以使用udev来实现自动加载USB驱动。下面以加载U盘驱动为例进行说明：
（1）创建udev规则文件/etc/udev/rules.d/99-u.rules，加入以下代码：
ACTION==”add”, SUBSYSTEM==”block”, KERNEL==”sd*”, ATTRS{removable}==”1″, SYMLINK+=”u_%k”, RUN+=”/usr/local/bin/mount_u.sh %k”
（2）创建挂载脚本文件/usr/local/bin/mount_u.sh，加入以下代码：
#!/bin/bash
# 获取设备信息
DEVICE=$1
DEVNAME=/dev/$DEVICE
MOUNTPOINT=/mnt/u-$DEVICE
# 挂载U盘
mkdir -p $MOUNTPOINT
mount $DEVNAME $MOUNTPOINT
# 设置访问权限
chmod 777 $MOUNTPOINT
（3）上述规则和脚本会实现当U盘插入时，系统会自动挂载U盘，并为其分配唯一的设备节点。此外，我们还可以通过修改规则和脚本来实现其他USB设备的自动化加载。例如，我们可以使用类似的方法来自动加载鼠标和打印机等设备的驱动程序。
自动加载USB驱动是Linux系统自动化中的一个重要部分。我们可以使用udev、modprobe、hotplug等机制来实现自动加载USB驱动，并实现对USB设备的自动化管理。针对不同的USB设备，我们可以通过修改规则和脚本来实现不同的自动化加载方案。
相关问题拓展阅读：
在LINUX中如何加载驱动网卡
直接找好对应的驱动 一般都会有readme 或者install 之类的说明文兄岩毁档来告诉你如何去安装这个网羡备卡驱动的
Linux* Base Driver for the Atheros(R) AR8121/AR8113 PCI-E Ethernet Adapter
==========================================================================
Contents
========
– In This Release
– Building and Installation
– Command Line Parameters
– Additional Configurations
– Known Issues
– Support
In This Release
===============
This file describes the Linux* Base Driver for the Atheros(R) AR8121/AR8113 PCI-E
Ethernet Adapter, version 1.0.0.5 This driver supports the 2.4.x and 2.6.x kernels.
This driver is only supported as a loadable module at this time. Atheros is not
supplying patches against the kernel source to allow for static linking of
the driver. For questions related to hardware requirements, refer to the
documentation supplied with your Atheros(R) adapter. All hardware
requirements listed apply to use with Linux.
Building and Installation
=========================
To build a binary RPM* package of this driver, run ‘rpmbuild -tb
‘. Replace with the specific filename of
the driver.
NOTE: For the build to work properly, the currently running kernel MUST match
the version and configuration of the installed kernel sources. If you
have just recompiled the kernel reboot the system now.
RPM functionality has only been tested in Red Hat distributions.
1. Move the base driver tar file to the directory of your choice. For example,
use /home/username/arl1e or /usr/local/src/枣唯arl1e.
2. Untar/unzip archive:
tar zxf arl1e-x.x.x.x.tar.gz
3. Change to the driver src directory:
cd arl1e-x.x.x.x/src/
4. Compile the driver module:
make install
The binary will be installed as:
/lib/modules//kernel/drivers/net/arl1e.o
The install locations listed above are the default locations. They might
not be correct for certain Linux distributions. For more information,
see the ldistrib.txt file included in the driver tar.
5. Install the module:
inod arl1e =
6. Assign an IP address to the interface by entering the following, where
x is the interface number:
ifconfig ethx
7. Verify that the interface works. Enter the following, where
is the IP address for another machine on the same subnet as the interface
that is being tested:
ping
Command Line Parameters
=======================
If the driver is built as a module, the following optional parameters are
used by entering them on the command line with the modprobe or inod command
using this syntax:
modprobe arl1e
inod arl1e
For example, with two L001 PCIE adapters, entering:
inod arl1e TxMemSize=80,128
loads the arl1e driver with 8KB TX memory for the first adapter and 10KB TX memory
for the second adapter.
The default value for each parameter is generally the recommended setting,
unless otherwise noted.
NOTES: A descriptor describes a data buffer and attributes related to the
data buffer. This information is accessed by the hardware.
media_type
Valid Range: 0-4
auto-negotiate at all supported speeds
only link at 1000Mbps Full Duplex
only link at 100Mbps Full Duplex
only link at 100Mbps Half Duplex
only link at 10Mbps Full Duplex
only link at 10Mbps Half Duplex
Default Value: 0
media_type forces the line speed/duplex to the specified value in
megabits per second(Mbps). If this parameter is not specified or is set
to 0 and the link partner is set to auto-negotiate, the board will
auto-detect the correct speed.
int_mod_timer
Valid Range:
Default Value: 100
This value represents the minmum interval between interrupts controller
generated.
RxMemBlock
Valid Range:
Default Value: 64
This value is the number of receice memory block allocated by the driver.
Increasing this value allows the driver to buffer more incoming packets.
Each memory block is 1536 bytes.
NOTE: Depending on the available system resources, the request for a
higher number of receive descriptors may be denied. In this case,
use a lower number.
TxMemSize
Valid Range: 4-64
Default Value: 8
This value is the number KB of tranit memory allocated by the driver.
Increasing this value allows the driver to queue more tranits.
NOTE: Depending on the available system resources, the request for a
higher number of tranit descriptors may be denied. In this case,
use a lower number.
FlashVendor
Valid Range: 0-2
Default Value: 0
This value standards on vendor of spi flash used by the adapter.
0 for Atmel, 1 for SST, 2 for ST
Additional Configurations
=========================
Configuring the Driver on Different Distributions
Configuring a network driver to load properly when the system is started is
distribution dependent. Typically, the configuration process involves adding
an alias line to /etc/modules.conf as well as editing other system startup
scripts and/or configuration files. Many popular Linux distributions ship
with tools to make these changes for you. To learn the proper way to
configure a network device for your system, refer to your distribution
documentation. If during this process you are asked for the driver or module
name, the name for the Linux Base Driver for the Atheros AR8121/AR8113 is arl1e
As an example, if you install the arl1e driver for two AR8121/AR8113 adapters
(eth0 and eth1) and set the speed and duplex to 10full and 100half, add the
following to modules.conf:
alias eth0 arl1e
alias eth1 arl1e
options arl1e Speed=10,100 Duplex=2,1
Viewing Link Messages
Link messages will not be displayed to the console if the distribution is
restricting system messages. In order to see network driver link messages
on your console, set dmesg to eight by entering the following:
dmesg -n 8
NOTE: This setting is not saved across reboots.
Known Issues
============
NOTE: For distribution-specific information, see the ldistrib.txt file
included in the driver tar.
Driver Compilation
——
When trying to compile the driver by running make install, the following
error may occur:
“Linux kernel source not configured – missing version.h”
To solve this issue, create the version.h file by going to the Linux source
tree and entering:
make include/linux/version.h.
Support
=======
For general information, go to the Atheros support website at:
If an issue is identified with the released source code on the supported
kernel with a supported adapter, email the specific information related to
the issue to
License
=======
This software program is released under the terms of a license agreement
between you (‘Licensee’) and Atheros. Do not use or load this software or any
associated materials (collectively, the ‘Software’) until you have carefully
read the full terms and conditions of the LICENSE located in this software
package. By loading or using the Software, you agree to the terms of this
Agreement. If you do not agree with the terms of this Agreement, do not
install or use the Software.
* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
实现是通过虚拟网卡实现的。
若想加载USB无启盯线网卡，只需要把这个USB设备和host切断联系，虚歼旁闷拟机的Linux可以自氏弯动的接管这个USB设备。
就在虚拟机下面的状态栏上可以控制设备归谁管理。
下载驱动，解压，然后进入驱动所在目录 运行make install
驱动就是内核模块。加载内核模块就是加载网卡驱动！
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