数据库恢复技术之外的选择 (不属于数据库恢复技术)

Database Recovery Techniques Beyond the Norm

Database recovery is an important aspect of mntning the integrity of any database system. It typically involves the process of restoring a database to a previous state after a disaster or unexpected occurrence has damaged or corrupted the database. In most cases, the database recovery process involves the use of a variety of tools and techniques, including backups, restoration or reconstruction, and repr techniques. However, there are several other database recovery techniques beyond the norm that may provide alternative or additional ways to restore your database system in case of a disaster. In this article, we will discuss some of these less conventional database recovery techniques.

1. Log shipping

Log shipping is a technique that involves copying and restoring transaction logs from one server to another server. This technique requires a primary server that mntns the master copy of the database and a secondary server that receives the transaction logs and restores them to mntn a mirror copy of the database. This technique is useful in cases where the primary database server has fled or suffered damage, and you need to restore the database to a point in time before the flure or damage occurred.

2. Point-in-time recovery

Point-in-time (PIT) recovery is another database recovery technique that provides a way to restore your database to a specific point in time before the database was corrupted or damaged. PIT recovery involves using a backup of the database, along with transaction logs that were created after the backup, to restore the database to a specific point in time. This technique is useful in cases where you need to recover specific data that was lost or corrupted. PIT recovery can also be used for database testing and development purposes.

3. Replication

Replication is a technique that involves mntning multiple copies of a database to ensure that data is always avlable, even in the event of a disaster or unexpected occurrence. Replication can be used to create a flover system that automatically switches to a secondary database server in case the primary server goes down. Replication can also be used to provide read-only access to a database to multiple users, reducing the load on the primary server.

4. Database mirroring

Database mirroring is a technique that involves mntning two copies of a database on separate servers. This technique requires that both servers be connected and configured to allow real-time synchronization of the two copies of the database. In case one server fls, the other server automatically takes over, ensuring that data is always avlable. Database mirroring is useful in cases where you need to ensure data avlability and reduce downtime.

5. Continuous data protection

Continuous data protection (CDP) is a technique that involves the continuous backup and restoration of a database as changes occur in real-time. This technique provides rapid recovery in case of a disaster or unexpected occurrence. CDP is useful in cases where you need to ensure that data is always avlable and recoverable. However, CDP can be more expensive and complex than other database recovery techniques.

6. Cloud-based disaster recovery

Cloud-based disaster recovery provides a way to store and recover your database system in case of a disaster or unexpected occurrence. This technique involves using a cloud-based service to store backups and other data recovery tools. Cloud-based disaster recovery can provide a cost-effective and scalable way to ensure that your database is always avlable and recoverable.

In conclusion, there are several database recovery techniques beyond the norm that can provide alternative or additional ways to restore your database system in case of a disaster. These techniques include log shipping, point-in-time recovery, replication, database mirroring, continuous data protection, and cloud-based disaster recovery. By using these techniques in combination with traditional database recovery techniques, you can create a robust and reliable recovery system that protects your data and ensures that your database is always avlable and recoverable.

相关问题拓展阅读:

【数据库历年期末考试题】数据库原理期末考试题

(2)数据库系统原理试题(A)参考答案及评分标准

一、填空题(每空1分,共14分)

1、 数据结构

2、 元组

3、 实体完整性 参照完整性

4、 1NF

5、 数据字典

6、 B R +BR B S B S +BR B S

7、 可串行的

8、 RAID

9、 动态Hash 方法 可扩展Hash 方法

10、 并发控制技术 数据库恢复技术

二、选择题(每题1分,共10分)

1、 D 2、A 3、A 4、B 5、C 6、C 7、C 8、C 9、C 10、A

三、简答题(每题4分,共16分)

1. 可以表示任何关系代数操作的5种基本代数操作是什么?

答: ⋃ , – , ⨯ , σ , π

注:1个1分,写对4个即可得4分

2. 关系数据库中常用的连接操作的实现算法有哪些?

答:循环嵌套连接算法(1分)、排序合并连接算法(1分)、hash 连接算法(1分)、索引连接算法(1分)。

3. 简述B 树和B+树的区别。

答:(1)B+树的叶子节点链在一起(2分)。(2)B+树的内节点不存放数据指针(2分)。

4. 什么是数据库事务?什么是数据库事务的原子性?

答:一个存取或更改数据库的程序的运行称为数据库事务(2分)。事务中的所有操作要么全部被成功的完成且这些操作的结果被永久地存储到数据库中,要么这

个事务对数据库和其它事务没有任何影响。这种性质称为事务的原子性(2分)。

四、综合题(每题12分,共60分)

(一)已知关系S ,P ,J ,SPJ 的关系模式为:

S (SNO ,SN ,CITY )

P (PNO ,PN ,COLOR )

J (JNO ,JN ,CITY )

SPJ (SNO ,JNO ,PNO ,QTY )

其中:SNO 为供应商号,SN 为供应商姓名,CITY 为所在城市;PNO 为零件号,PN 为 零件名称,COLOR 为颜色;JNO 为工程项目号,JN 为工程项目名称;QTY 为数量。

1、 试用

∏JN ((∏JNO ,PNO (SPJ )÷ ∏PNO (P ∏JNO ,JN (J ))(4分)

2、试用完成下列查询:把零件号为P2的零件重量增加5,颜色改为黄色。

UPDATE P

SET WEIGHT=WEIGHT+5,COLOR=’黄色’

WHERE PNO=’P2’; (4分)

3、试用完成下列查询:取出1个以上供应商提供的零件号。

SELECT PNO

FROM SPJ

GROUP BY PNO

HA VING COUNT (SNO )≥1 (4分)

(二) 设某商业集团数据库有三个实体集。一是“商店”实体集,属性有商店编号、商店名、地址等;二是“商品” 实体集,属性有商品编号、商品名、规格、单价等;三是“供应商” 实体集,属性有供应商编号、供应商名、地址等。

商店与商品间存在“销售”联系,每个商店可销售多种商品,每个商品也可放在多个商店档信胡销售,每个商店行拦销售一种商品,有月销售量;供应商与商品间存在着“供应” 联系,每个供应商供应多种商品,每种商品可以向多个供应商订购。供应商供应商品给每个商店有月供应量。

(1)试画出E-R 图,并在图上注明属性。

(2) 将E–R 图转换成关系模型,并指明主键和外键。

(1)E-R 图如图所示。

(6分,其中实体2分、联系2分、属性2分)

(2)此E–R 图转换成的关系模型如下

商店(商店编号,商店名,地址) 主码为商店编号

供应商(供应商编号,供应商名,地址) 主码为供应商编号

商品(商品编号,商品名,规格,单价)

销售(商店编号,商品号,月销售量)

主码为(商店编号,商品号),外码为商店编号和商品号

供应(供应商编号,商店编号,月供应量)

主码为(供应商编号,商店编号),外码为供应商编号,商店编号

共6分,由于学生的写法多样,教师根据具体情况给分。

(三)1.设关系模式R 其中: U={A, B, C, D, E, P}

F={A→B,C→P,E→A,CE→D}

求出R 的所有候选关键字。

解:由计算可知: (CE)的闭包 = {ABCDEP}

而 C 的闭包={CP}

E 的闭包={ABE} (2分)

所以:R 的候选键为坦配 : CE 。 (2分)

2.判断下面的关系模式更高属于第几范式) ,并说明理由。

R({A,B,C},{AC→B,AB→C,B→C})

答:是1NF ,(2分) 因为该关系的候选键之一为AB, 又因为有B→C,存在部分函数依赖(2分), 所以, 该关系为1NF.

3. 设关系R 具有属性{O, I, S, A, B},函数依赖{I->B, IS->A, A->O}。把R 分解成

3NF ,并使其具有无损连接性和函数依赖保持性。

答:{IB,ISA,AO}(4分)

(四) 设文件F 具有10000个记录,每个记录50字节,其中10字节用来表示文件的键值。每个磁盘块大小1000字节,指向磁盘块的指针占5字节,不允许记录跨两个块。

(1) 如果为文件F 建立简单hash 索引,使用100个hash 桶,则桶目录需要多

少磁盘块?平均每个桶需要多少磁盘块?

答:(1)1 (2)10000个记录/100个桶=100个记录每桶,(2分)100个记

录×50字节每记录/1000字节每块=5块(2分)

(2) 如果为文件F 建立B +树索引,各磁盘块尽量装满,需要多少磁盘块存储索

引?

答:求秩D :5D+10(D+1) D=67 (2分)

即每个叶节点能保存D-1=66个键值。所以叶节点数为⎡10000/66⎤

=152个。(2分)

上一层的内节点同样有67个指针,是一个67叉的节点,

⎡10000/67⎤=3,⎡3/67⎤=1(2分)

因此B+树的节点总数为152+3+1=156个。即需要156个磁盘块

存储B+树索引。(2分)

(五) 对于教学数据库S(S#,SNAME ,AGE ,SEX) ,SC(S#,C#,GRADE) ,C(C#,CNAME ,TEACHER) 。现有一个查询:检索至少学习W ANG 老师所授一门课程的男学生学号和姓名。

1. 给出该查询的关系代数表达式,并画出该表达式构成的语法树。

2. 使用启发式优化算法对语法树进行优化,得到优化的语法树。

解:(1) 关系代数表达式:

∏ S#,SNAME (σS.S#=SC.S#∧SC.C#=C.C#∧S.SEX=’男’ ∧teacher=’wang’(S×SC×C )) (3分)

∏ S#,SNAME

S.S#=SC.S#∧SC.C#=C.C#∧S.SEX=’男’ ∧teacher=’wang’

(3分)

∏ S#,SNAME σSC.C#=C.C#

σteacher=’wang’

∏ S#,C# S.SEX=’男’

s

结果树(3分) c sc (3分)

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