postgresql 数据库基础 关于like%xxx% 全模糊匹配 的优化操作

任何一个关系型数据库关于模糊匹配(like)的优化都是一件痛苦的事,相对而言,诸如like ‘abc%’之类的还好一点,可以通过创建索引来优化,但对于like ‘c%’之类的,真的就没有办法了。

这里介绍一种postgresql关于like ‘c%’的优化方法,是基于全文检索的特性来实现的。

测试数据准备(环境centos6.5 + postgresql 9.6.1)。

postgres=# create table ts(id int,name text);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# \d ts
Table “public.ts”
Column | Type | Modifiers
——–+———+———–
id | integer |
name | text |
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_pjy’ from generate_series(1,2000) n;
INSERT 0 2000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_mdh’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_lmm’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_syf’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_wbd’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_hhh’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_sjw’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_jjs’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_ymd’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_biu’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# insert into ts select n,n||’_dfl’ from generate_series(1,2000000) n;
INSERT 0 2000000
postgres=# select count(*) from ts;
count
———-
20002000
(1 row)

开始测试:

postgres=# explain analyze select * from ts where name like ‘%pjy%’;
QUERY PLAN
———————————————————————————————————–
Seq Scan on ts (cost=0.00..358144.05 rows=2000 width=15) (actual time=0.006..1877.087 rows=2000 loops=1)
Filter: (name ~~ ‘%pjy%’::text)
Rows Removed by Filter: 20000000
Planning time: 0.031 ms
Execution time: 1877.178 ms
(5 rows)

关键一步:

postgres=# create index idx_name on ts using gin (to_tsvector(‘english’,name));
CREATE INDEX
postgres=# vacuum analyze ts;
VACUUM
postgres=# \d ts
Table “public.ts”
Column | Type | Modifiers
——–+———+———–
id | integer |
name | text |
Indexes:
“idx_name” gin (to_tsvector(‘english’::regconfig, name))
postgres=# explain analyze select * from ts where to_tsvector(‘english’,name) @@ to_tsquery(‘pjy’);
QUERY PLAN
———————————————————————————————————————
Bitmap Heap Scan on ts (cost=39.75..8187.70 rows=2000 width=15) (actual time=0.016..0.016 rows=0 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (to_tsvector(‘english’::regconfig, name) @@ to_tsquery(‘pjy’::text))
-> Bitmap Index Scan on idx_name (cost=0.00..39.25 rows=2000 width=0) (actual time=0.016..0.016 rows=0 loops=1)
Index Cond: (to_tsvector(‘english’::regconfig, name) @@ to_tsquery(‘pjy’::text))
Planning time: 0.094 ms
Execution time: 0.036 ms
(6 rows)

大家可以看到,执行时间从2秒下降到了0.04毫秒!!!

关于pg的全文检索,tsvector和tsquery,这里就不详细介绍了,大家可以自己查阅手册。

补充:postgresql子查询优化(提升子查询)

问题背景

在开发项目过程中,客户要求使用gbase8s数据库(基于informix),简单的分页页面响应很慢。排查发现分页sql是先查询出数据在外面套一层后再取多少条,如果去掉嵌套的一层,直接获取则很快。日常使用中postgresql并没有这样的操作也很快,这是为什么呢?

说明

在数据库实现早期,查询优化器对子查询一般采用嵌套执行的方式,即父查询中的每一行,都要执行一次子查询,这样子查询会执行很多次,效率非常低。

本篇主要讲postgresql针对子查询的优化。

项目中使用子查询的地方非常多,如何写出高效的sql,掌握子查询的优化是非常有必要的。

执行计划对比(gbase8s vs postgresql):

gbase8s慢sql执行计划:

–gbase8s执行计划

SET EXPLAIN ON ;
SET EXPLAIN FILE TO ‘/home/gbasedbt/sqexplain.out’ ;
select skip 0 first 15 * from ( select * from T_SZGL_JDRY order by T_SZGL_JDRY.updatetime desc ) Estimated Cost: 3207 Estimated # of Rows Returned: 6172 ​ 1) gbasedbt.t_szgl_jdry: INDEX PATH (1) Index Name: gbasedbt.i_t_szgl_jdry_updatetime Index Keys: updatetime (Reverse) (Serial, fragments: ALL) QUERY: (OPTIMIZATION TIMESTAMP: 12-21-2017 03:20:43) —— select skip 0 first 15 * from ( select * from T_SZGL_JDRY order by T_SZGL_JDRY.updatetime desc ) Estimated Cost: 232 Estimated # of Rows Returned: 6172 1) (Temp Table For Collection Subquery): SEQUENTIAL SCAN Query statistics: —————– The final cost of the plan is reduced because of the FIRST n specification in the query. ​ Table map : —————————- Internal name Table name —————————- t1 t_szgl_jdry t2 (Temp Table For Collection Subquery) type table rows_prod est_rows rows_scan time est_cost ——————————————————————- scan t1 6173 6172 6173 00:00.05 3207 –查询执行用 222 ms,15行受影响

gbase8s修改后执行计划

select skip 0 first 15 * from T_SZGL_JDRY order by T_SZGL_JDRY.updatetime desc ​ Estimated Cost: 7 Estimated # of Rows Returned: 6172 ​ 1) gbasedbt.t_szgl_jdry: INDEX PATH (1) Index Name: gbasedbt.i_t_szgl_jdry_updatetime Index Keys: updatetime (Reverse) (Serial, fragments: ALL) Query statistics: —————– The final cost of the plan is reduced because of the FIRST n specification in the query. ​ Table map : —————————- Internal name Table name —————————- t1 t_szgl_jdry ​ type table rows_prod est_rows rows_scan time est_cost ——————————————————————- scan t1 15 6172 15 00:00.00 8 ​ QUERY: (OPTIMIZATION TIMESTAMP: 12-21-2017 03:23:25) —— select 1 from sysusers Estimated Cost: 2 Estimated # of Rows Returned: 1 1) gbasedbt.sysusers: SEQUENTIAL SCAN … –查询执行用 18 ms,15行受影响

第一个执行计划中 (1) (Temp Table For Collection Subquery): SEQUENTIAL SCAN)可以看出是将子查询的结果查询出来后,在这个基础上获取了15条记录

对比postgresql执行计划

–分页执行计划-不嵌套

db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj order by d_slrq limit 15 offset 0; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Limit (cost=0.44..28.17 rows=15 width=879) -> Index Scan using idx_ttjaj_dslrq on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.44..32374439.85 rows=17507700 width=879) (2 rows) –子查询执行计划-嵌套一层 db_jcxxzypt=# explain db_jcxxzypt-# select * from ( db_jcxxzypt(# select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj order by d_slrq db_jcxxzypt(# )tab1 limit 15 offset 0; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Limit (cost=0.44..28.32 rows=15 width=879) -> Index Scan using idx_ttjaj_dslrq on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.44..32374439.85 rows=17507700 width=879) (2 rows) ​ –子查询执行计划-嵌套两层 db_jcxxzypt=# explain db_jcxxzypt-# select * from ( db_jcxxzypt(# select * from ( db_jcxxzypt(# select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj order by d_slrq db_jcxxzypt(# )tab1 )tab2 limit 15 offset 0; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Limit (cost=0.44..28.32 rows=15 width=879) -> Index Scan using idx_ttjaj_dslrq on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.44..32374439.85 rows=17507700 width=879) (2 rows)

postgresql的子查询即使嵌套多层,执行计划还是和未嵌套一样。原因就是postgresql在重写sql的阶段上拉子查询(提升子查询),把子查询合并到父查询中。

postgresql子查询优化

子查询可分为三类:一、([not]in/all/any/some),二、([not]exists),三、其他子查询(sjp子查询 选择、投影、连接)

子查询可以出现在目标列、form子句、where子句、join/on子句、group by子句、having子句、orderby子句等位置。

db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj ,(select * from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr) dsr where dsr.c_ajbm = ‘1301020400000120090101’; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Nested Loop (cost=0.56..1252119.58 rows=17507700 width=1098) -> Index Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..8.57 rows=1 width=219) Index Cond: (c_ajbm = ‘1301020400000120090101’::bpchar) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) (4 rows) ​ Time: 1.101 ms

postgresql子链接([not]in,[not]exists,all,some,any)

子查询和子链接区别:子查询是不在表达式中的子句,子链接在表达式中的子句

–in子链接

(1).

db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where aj.c_ajbm in (select dsr.c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr); 转化为: select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj join t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr aj.c_ajbm = dsr.c_ajbm; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Hash Semi Join (cost=362618.61..5537768.07 rows=7957409 width=879) Hash Cond: (t_jcxxzy_tjaj.c_ajbm = t_jcxxzy_ajdsr.c_ajbm) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) -> Hash (cost=237458.59..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 wi dth=23) (5 rows) –in等价于=any hash semi join表示执行的是两张表的hash半连接, 原始sql中没有(t_jcxxzy_tjaj.c_ajbm = t_jcxxzy_ajdsr.c_ajbm),表明此in子查询被优化,优化后采用hash semi join算法。 (2).相关子查询 –当加入条件where aj.d_slrq=’2001-06-14’后不能提升子链接,如果把where aj.d_slrq =’2001-06-14’放到父查询 是支持子链接优化的 db_jcxxzypt=# explain db_jcxxzypt-# select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where c_ajbm in (select c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr where aj.d_slrq=’2001-06-14′) ; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj (cost=0.00..2227874766580.75 rows=8753850 width=879) Filter: (SubPlan 1) SubPlan 1 -> Result (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) One-Time Filter: (aj.d_slrq = ‘2001-06-14’::date) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817 202 width=23) (6 rows (3). — not in不能提升子链接 db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj where c_ajbm not in (select c_ajbm from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_ajdsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.56..2875921362927.06 rows=8753850 width=879) Filter: (NOT (SubPlan 1)) SubPlan 1 -> Materialize (cost=0.56..311489.60 rows=6817202 width=23) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) (5 rows) –not in与<>all含义相同

in子句存在不被优化的可能、当in子句中包含了主查询的表字段,和主查询有相关性时不能提升子链接。

exists子链接

–exists子链接

db_jcxxzypt=# explain
db_jcxxzypt-# select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where exists (select c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr where aj.c_ajbm = dsr.c_ajbm); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Hash Semi Join (cost=362618.61..5537768.07 rows=7957409 width=879) Hash Cond: (aj.c_ajbm = dsr.c_ajbm) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) -> Hash (cost=237458.59..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=681720 2 width=23) (5 rows) — 当加入where aj.c_xzdm = ‘150622’条件在子链接时,仍然支持上拉 db_jcxxzypt=# explain db_jcxxzypt-# select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where exists (select c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr where aj.c_xzdm = ‘150622’); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Nested Loop Semi Join (cost=0.56..1361779.20 rows=5436 width=879) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj (cost=0.00..1120803.25 rows=5436 width=879) Filter: ((c_xzdm)::text = ‘150622’::text) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 widt h=0) (4 rows) –exists子链接 db_jcxxzypt=# explain db_jcxxzypt-# select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where exists (select c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr where dsr.c_ajbm=’1101120300000120030101′) db_jcxxzypt-# ; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Result (cost=4.58..1077038.57 rows=17507700 width=879) One-Time Filter: $0 InitPlan 1 (returns $0) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr (cost=0.56..4.58 rows=1 width=0) Index Cond: (c_ajbm = ‘1101120300000120030101’::bpchar) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) (6 rows)

子查询只执行了一次,作为aj表的参数。

–not exists子链接 db_jcxxzypt=# explain db_jcxxzypt-# select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where not exists (select c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Result (cost=0.04..1077034.04 rows=17507700 width=879) One-Time Filter: (NOT $0) InitPlan 1 (returns $0) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr (cost=0.00..281210.02 rows=6817202 width=0) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) (5 rows)

从执行计划上看,not exists子查询并没有被消除,子查询只是执行了一次,将结果作为aj表的参数。

in和exists都存在不被优化的可能,对于in和exists的选择,当父查询结果集小于子查询结果集则选择exists,如果父查询结果集大于子查询结果集选择in。

所有的all子链接都不支持上拉

db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj where c_ajbm >all(select c_ajbm from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_ajdsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.56..2875921362927.06 rows=8753850 width=879) Filter: (SubPlan 1) SubPlan 1 -> Materialize (cost=0.56..311489.60 rows=6817202 width=23) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) (5 rows) ​ db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj where c_ajbm =all(select c_ajbm from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_ajdsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.56..2875921362927.06 rows=8753850 width=879) Filter: (SubPlan 1) SubPlan 1 -> Materialize (cost=0.56..311489.60 rows=6817202 width=23) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) (5 rows) ​ db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj where c_ajbm <all(select c_ajbm from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_ajdsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.56..2875921362927.06 rows=8753850 width=879) Filter: (SubPlan 1) SubPlan 1 -> Materialize (cost=0.56..311489.60 rows=6817202 width=23) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) (5 rows)

关于all的查询都都是以子查询的形式,不会上拉

some/any

–some和any是等效的

db_jcxxzypt=#explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj where c_ajbm >some(select c_ajbm from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_ajdsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- – Nested Loop Semi Join (cost=0.56..11316607.35 rows=5835900 width=879) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..64266.97 rows=2272401 width=23) Index Cond: (c_ajbm < t_jcxxzy_tjaj.c_ajbm) (4 rows) ​ db_jcxxzypt=#explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj where c_ajbm =some(select c_ajbm from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_ajdsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Hash Semi Join (cost=362618.61..5537768.07 rows=7957409 width=879) Hash Cond: (t_jcxxzy_tjaj.c_ajbm = t_jcxxzy_ajdsr.c_ajbm) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) -> Hash (cost=237458.59..237458.59 rows=6817202 width=23) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..237458.59 rows=6817202 wi dth=23) (5 rows) ​ db_jcxxzypt=#explain select * from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_tjaj where c_ajbm <some(select c_ajbm from db_jcxx.t_jcxxzy_ajdsr); QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- ​ Nested Loop Semi Join (cost=0.56..11316607.35 rows=5835900 width=879) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) -> Index Only Scan using idx_tajdsr_cajbm on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.56..64266.97 rows=2272401 width=23) Index Cond: (c_ajbm > t_jcxxzy_tjaj.c_ajbm) (4 rows) –some中未出现子查询,dsr表都被上拉到父查询中,与aj表进行嵌套半连接和hash半连接

这些查询中all是完全不支持上拉子子链接的,而in和exists存在不被上拉的可能。

不可上拉的子查询

不支持带有with子句的格式,集合操作、聚集函数(aggregates、group、distinct)、cte、having、limit/offset等子句格式 ​

db_jcxxzypt=# explain select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj ,(select * from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr limit 10) dsr where dsr.c_ajbm = ‘1301020400000120090101’; QUERY PLAN ————————————————————————- Nested Loop (cost=0.00..1252111.54 rows=17507700 width=1098) -> Subquery Scan on dsr (cost=0.00..0.54 rows=1 width=219) Filter: (dsr.c_ajbm = ‘1301020400000120090101’::bpchar) -> Limit (cost=0.00..0.41 rows=10 width=219) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_ajdsr (cost=0.00..281210.02 rows=6817202 width=219) -> Seq Scan on t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj (cost=0.00..1077034.00 rows=17507700 width=879) (6 rows) ​ Time: 0.958 ms

上拉子查询后,父级的多个表之间的连接顺序是怎么样的呢?会有什么变化吗?

对于被上拉的子查询,abase把子查询的关系并入主from-list中,这样关系的个数会增加,按照多表连接顺序算法就会产生更多的连接路径比如A、B、C三张表的关联就有{A,B}、{A,C}、{B,A}、{B,C}、{C,A}、{C,B}六种连接方式

join与子查询固化或rewrite

join或子查询的优化,属于优化器优化JOIN的范畴。 ​

当用户的QUERY涉及到多个JOIN对象,或者涉及到多个子查询时,优化器可以选择是否改变当前的SQL,产生更多的plan选择更优的执行计划。

postgresql.conf文件中:

#from_collapse_limit = 8

当from列表的对象少于from_collapse_limit时,优化器可以将子查询提升到上层进行JOIN,从而可能选择到更优的执行计划。

#join_collapse_limit = 8 # 1 disables collapsing of explicit
# JOIN clauses 当使用显示的JOIN时(除了full join),例如a join b join c join d,优化器可以重排JOIN的顺序,以产生更多的PLAN选择更优的执行计划。 如果join_collapse_limit=1,则不重排,使用SQL写法提供的顺序。 ​ 如果用户要固化JOIN顺序,请使用显示的JOIN,同时将join_collapse_limit设置为1。 如果用户不打算提升子查询,同样的,将from_collapse_limit 设置为1即可。

等价改写

子查询中没有group by子句,也没有聚集函数,则可使用下面的等价转换

val>all(select…) to val>max(select…)
val<all(select…) to val<min(select…)
val>any(select…) to val>min(select…) val<any(select…) to val<max(select…) val>=all(select…) to val>=max(select…) val<=all(select…) to val<=min(select…) val>=any(select…) to val>=min(select…) val<=any(select…) to val<=max(select…)

通常,聚集函数min(),max()的执行效率要比any、all效率高

相关子查询和非相关子查询

相关子查询子查询的执行依赖于外层父查询的一些属性值。子查询因依赖于父查询的参数,当父查询的参数改变时,子查询需要根据新参数值重新执行(查询优化器对相关子查询进行优化有一定意义),如:

select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where c_ajbm in (select c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr where dsr.c_ajbm = aj.c_ajbm)/* 子查询语句中存在父查询的列 */

非相关子查询子查询的执行,不依赖于外层父查询的任何属性值。这样子查询具有独立性,可独自求解,形成一个子查询计划先于外层的查询求解,如:

select * from t_jcxxzy_tjaj aj where c_ajbm in (select c_ajbm from t_jcxxzy_ajdsr dsr where dsr.c_xzdm = ‘150622’)/* 子查询语句中不存在父查询的属性 */

结束语

1.postgresql子查询的优化思路,子查询不用执行多次

2.优化器可以根据统计信息来选择不同的连接方法和不同的连接顺序

3.子查询中的连接条件,过滤条件分别变成了父查询的连接条件、过滤条件、优化器可以对这些条件进行下推、提高执行效率

4.将子查询优化为表连接后,子查询只需要执行一次、而优化器可以根据统计信息来选择不同的连接方式和连接顺序、子查询的连接条件和过滤条件分别变成父查询的条件。

5.这些查询中all是完全不支持上拉子子链接的,in和exists存在不被优化的可能

6.not exists虽然没有被上拉,但是被优化为只执行一次,相对于not in稍好

7.可使用等价改写的方式优化

8.可根据配置文件,固化子查询,以及表的连接顺序

以上为个人经验,希望能给大家一个参考,也希望大家多多支持。如有错误或未考虑完全的地方,望不吝赐教。


数据运维技术 » postgresql 数据库基础 关于like%xxx% 全模糊匹配 的优化操作